West europe 1500-1750
Politics:
·The rulers of Spain, England and France were pursuing political unification.
·In England the conflicts between parliament and the King caused a civil war and also led to a Puratin Republic being established under Oliver Cromwell. King James II was removed from the throne by Parliament in Glorious Revolution of 1688 and they then proceeded to force his successors to sign a document that would limit the power of the crown.
·Cannons, muskets, and foot soldiers became the base of the European army due to a military revolution brought on by constant warfare. Armies grew in size and maintained their armies except for England, which maintained their Navy.
·France defeated spain making them the strongest power in Europe, but England still had the best Navy
Economics:
·The Bourgeoisie thrived on manufacturing, property, finance, and trade. They had strong relationships with the monarchs and had extensive family and ethnic networks helping them facilitate trade worldwide.
·Stock exchanges came into play due to merchants and governments forming partnerships.
Religon:
· Martin Luther was a German monk who challenged the claim that sin could be forgiven by god by money. He also challenged the pope on the issue of indulgences and other practices he felt were corrupt and/or non-Christian. He began the Protestant Reformation, which argues that salvation could be reached by faith and faith alone.
·Protestant Leader John Calvin argued that salvation could only be granted to those who God deemed worthy of it in The Institutes of the Christian Religion. He also argued that Christian congregations should stress having a simple life and be self-governing.
·The Protestant Reformation led to many wars the last of which was in 1648.
·Witch-hunts were extremely common in this time period and over 100,000 people were tried and executed on charges of witchcraft. Witch-hunts were caused due to tension between traditional beliefs and new religious and political institutions becoming more abundant.
Social:
·African slavery was a huge contribution to Europe’s economy.
·Deserving poor were permanent residents and the “unworthy poor” were migrants peddlers, beggars, and criminals.
·Men and women married later, usually after the man could make a living and support a family and the woman could work to earn her dowries.
·Since the Bourgeois put huge emphasis on educations many schools were established. Most schools banned women from attending.
Intellectual:
·The Scientific Revolution lead to many advances in math and science. European intellectuals learned a lot from the Greeks and the Romans and gained their understanding of the natural world from their writings.
·Galileo and Copernicus introduced a model of the universe that showed the sun as the center of the universe not Earth. Protestant leaders and the Christian Church were highly critical of this, but books full of their claims spread to other European intellectuals.
·Isaac Newton discovered the law of gravity and those discoveries led to the development of Newtonian Physics.
·The intellectual movement that emphasized reason over tradition and opposed superstition and intolerance is called The Enlightenment.
· The ides being pushed by the Enlightenment were criticized by clergy and absolutist rulers.
Art:
·The Renaissance art brought on huge exploration in art. Realism and humanism were extremely popular in both painting and sculpture and they both also mainly depicted religious images. The most accomplished and famous artists of the “Three Great Masters” are Leonardo DaVinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, and Raphael Sanzio.
·Leonardo DaVinci was most famous for his incredible intellect and his innate ability to capture expression and classical values. His two best-known works are the “Mona Lisa” and “The Last Supper.”
·Michelangelo Buonarroti was an incredible marble sculptor and he is most known for his sculptors but he was also an accomplished painter. His most famous painting is on the ceiling of the Sistine chapel and it took four years to complete.
· Raphael Sanzio is the last of the “Three Great Masters” and he is the youngest. His most famous painting is “The School of Athens” and is in the Vatican beautifully expresses the classical ideals of harmony and beauty.
Near Geography:
·New political boundaries were created.
·The rulers of Spain, England and France were pursuing political unification.
·In England the conflicts between parliament and the King caused a civil war and also led to a Puratin Republic being established under Oliver Cromwell. King James II was removed from the throne by Parliament in Glorious Revolution of 1688 and they then proceeded to force his successors to sign a document that would limit the power of the crown.
·Cannons, muskets, and foot soldiers became the base of the European army due to a military revolution brought on by constant warfare. Armies grew in size and maintained their armies except for England, which maintained their Navy.
·France defeated spain making them the strongest power in Europe, but England still had the best Navy
Economics:
·The Bourgeoisie thrived on manufacturing, property, finance, and trade. They had strong relationships with the monarchs and had extensive family and ethnic networks helping them facilitate trade worldwide.
·Stock exchanges came into play due to merchants and governments forming partnerships.
Religon:
· Martin Luther was a German monk who challenged the claim that sin could be forgiven by god by money. He also challenged the pope on the issue of indulgences and other practices he felt were corrupt and/or non-Christian. He began the Protestant Reformation, which argues that salvation could be reached by faith and faith alone.
·Protestant Leader John Calvin argued that salvation could only be granted to those who God deemed worthy of it in The Institutes of the Christian Religion. He also argued that Christian congregations should stress having a simple life and be self-governing.
·The Protestant Reformation led to many wars the last of which was in 1648.
·Witch-hunts were extremely common in this time period and over 100,000 people were tried and executed on charges of witchcraft. Witch-hunts were caused due to tension between traditional beliefs and new religious and political institutions becoming more abundant.
Social:
·African slavery was a huge contribution to Europe’s economy.
·Deserving poor were permanent residents and the “unworthy poor” were migrants peddlers, beggars, and criminals.
·Men and women married later, usually after the man could make a living and support a family and the woman could work to earn her dowries.
·Since the Bourgeois put huge emphasis on educations many schools were established. Most schools banned women from attending.
Intellectual:
·The Scientific Revolution lead to many advances in math and science. European intellectuals learned a lot from the Greeks and the Romans and gained their understanding of the natural world from their writings.
·Galileo and Copernicus introduced a model of the universe that showed the sun as the center of the universe not Earth. Protestant leaders and the Christian Church were highly critical of this, but books full of their claims spread to other European intellectuals.
·Isaac Newton discovered the law of gravity and those discoveries led to the development of Newtonian Physics.
·The intellectual movement that emphasized reason over tradition and opposed superstition and intolerance is called The Enlightenment.
· The ides being pushed by the Enlightenment were criticized by clergy and absolutist rulers.
Art:
·The Renaissance art brought on huge exploration in art. Realism and humanism were extremely popular in both painting and sculpture and they both also mainly depicted religious images. The most accomplished and famous artists of the “Three Great Masters” are Leonardo DaVinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, and Raphael Sanzio.
·Leonardo DaVinci was most famous for his incredible intellect and his innate ability to capture expression and classical values. His two best-known works are the “Mona Lisa” and “The Last Supper.”
·Michelangelo Buonarroti was an incredible marble sculptor and he is most known for his sculptors but he was also an accomplished painter. His most famous painting is on the ceiling of the Sistine chapel and it took four years to complete.
· Raphael Sanzio is the last of the “Three Great Masters” and he is the youngest. His most famous painting is “The School of Athens” and is in the Vatican beautifully expresses the classical ideals of harmony and beauty.
Near Geography:
·New political boundaries were created.